- Marubuci, Namak Khoshnaw, Christopher Giles and Saphora Smith
- Sanya sunan wanda ya rubuta labari, BBC Eye
Hare-haren Turkiyya a arewa maso gabashin Syria da ke fama da matsanancin fari ya sake jefa kusan mutane rabin miliyan da ke zaune a yankin cikin rashin wutar lantarki, matakin da masana suka ce ya saɓa dokokin duniya.
Turkiyya ta kai hare-hare sama da 100 a tsakanin watan Oktoban 2019 zuwa Janairun 2024 a cibiyoyin man fetur da na gas da na makamashin ƙasar, kamar yadda wasu alƙaluma da BBC ta tattara suka bayyana.
Hare-haren sun ƙara ta’azzara rayuwar ƙuncin da mutanen yankin suke ciki bayan shekaru da aka ɗauka ana yaƙin basasa a ƙasar da kuma matsanancin fari da sauyin yanayi ya jawo.
Tuni ƙarancin ruwa ya ta’azzara, amma hare-haren a cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a watan Oktoban bara ya ɓarnata asalin tashar ruwan yankin da ke Alouk, wanda hakan ya sa tun lokacin ta daina aiki. A ziyara zuwa tashar sau biyu da BBC ta yi, ta gano cewa mutanen yankin suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa.
Turkiyya ta ce tana “kai hare-haren ne a wuraren samun kuɗin” ƴan awaren Kurdawa da ta bayyana a matsayin ƴan ta’adda.
Ta ce sanannen abu ne cewa yankin na fama da matsanancin fari, inda ta ƙara da cewa rashin kula da cibiyoyin ruwan da watsi da su ne ya ƙara zafafa lamarin.
A baya ma AANES, wanda ake kira Rojava ta zargi Turkiyya da yunƙurin “tarwatsa rayuwar mutane.”
Mutane sama da miliyan ɗaya ne suke zaune a Hasaka, waɗanda a baya suke ta’allaƙa da ruwan da suke samu daga Alouk, inda yanzu suka koma rayuwa da ruwa da ake ɗebowa daga wani wuri mai nisan tafiyar mil 12.
Ɗaruruwan tankoki ne suke kawo ruwa a kullum, kuma hukumar ruwa ta fi mayar da hankali kan makarantu da gidajen marayu da asibitoci da waɗanda suka fi buƙata.
Amma duk da haka ruwan ba ya isan kowa da kowa.
A Hasaka, BBC ta ga mutane suna tsimayin tankokin ruwan, suna kuma roƙon direbobin tankokin su ba su ruwan. “Ruwa ya fi zinare muhimmanci a nan,” in ji Ahmad al-Ahmed, wanda direban tankar ruwa ne, sannan ya ƙara da cewa, “mutane suna buƙatar ƙarin ruwa. Babu abin da suke buƙata tamkar ruwa.”
Wasu mutanen ma suna faɗa saboda ruwa, sannan wata mata ta yi barazanar cewa, “idan (direban motar) bai ba ni ruwa ba, zan fasa tayar motar.”
“Bari na faɗa maka, arewa maso gabashin Syria na fama da matsanancin buƙatar agaji,” in ji Yayha Ahmed, wanda darakta ne a hukumar samar da ruwan sha ta yankin.
Mutanen da suke rayuwa a yankin sun kasance cikin tsaka mai wuya a tsakanin yaƙin basasa da kuma rikicin Turkiyya da dakarun Kurdawa, waɗanda suka kafa Gwamnatin mulkin arewaci da gabacin Syria mai cin gashin kanta (AANES) a shekarar 2018 bayan – tare da goyon bayan Amurka – sun kori wasu ƙungiyoyi masu ikirarin jihadi daga yankin wato IS. Har yanzu haɗakar ƙungiyoyin suna dirshan a yankunan domin hana IS sake taruwa.
Shugaban ƙasar Turkiyya, Recep Tayyip Erdogan ya bayyana AANES – wadda ƙasashen duniya ba ta amince da ita ba – a matsayin ƙungiyar “ƴan ta’adda” a kusa da iyakar ƙasarta.
Ƙasashen Turkiyya da Tarayyar Turai da Birtaniyya da Amurka sun ayyana PKK a matsayin ƴan ta’adda.
Tsakanin watan Oktoban 2023 da Janairun 2024, tashoshin lantarki uku ne aka kai hari a yankin na AANES: Amouda da Qamishli da Darbasiyah da kuma babbar tashar lantarkin yankin, wato Swadiyah.
BBC ta tabbatar da ɓarnar da aka yi ne ta hanyar amfani da hotunan tauraron ɗan’adam, da shaidun gani da ido da bidiyo da labarai da kuma ziyarar gani da ido.
Hotunan tauraron ɗan’adam na hasken dare kafin hare-haren Janairun 2024 sun nuna tsanantar rashin wutar. “A 18 ga Janairun, rashin wutar ya matuƙar fitowa fili a yankin,” in ji Ranjay Shrestha, wani masanin kimiyya a Nasa wanda ya yi nazarin hotunan.
Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce dakarun Turkiyya sun kai farmaki a Swadiyah da Amuda da Qamishli, sannan ƙungiyoyin agaji sun ce Turkiyya ce ke da alhakin kai farmaki a tashar Darbasiyah.
Turkiyya ta ce tana kai hare-hare ne kan ƙungiyar PKK da People’s Protection Units (YPG) da jam’iyyar Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD).
YPG ce babbar ƙungiyar ƴanbindiga a gwamnatin ƙasar wadda ke samun goyon bayan Amurka ta bayan fage, kuma ita ce ɓangaren sojin PYD, wadda ita ce babbar jam’iyyar AANES.
“Fararen hula da ababen more rayuwarsu ba sa cikin abubuwan da muke kai wa hari,” kamar yadda Turkiyya ta shaida wa BBC a wata sanarwa.
Amma a watan Oktoban bara, ministan harkokin wajen ƙasar, Hakan Fidan ya ce, “dukkan kadarori da sansanonin makamashi” mallakin PKK da YPG – musamman a Iraqi da Syria – sun “cancanci a kai musu hari” musamman sojinsu da jami’an tsaronsu da sashen tattara bayanansu.
Matsalolin yankin sun ƙara ƙazancewa ne saboda sauyin yanayi.
Tun a 2020, matsanancin fari ya shafi yankin arewa maso gabashin Syria da wasu sassa na Iraqi.
A shekaru 70 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin yankin Tigris yana ƙaruwa ne da mafi ƙaranci maki biyu a ma’aunin cencius (36F) kamar yadda alƙaluman tarayyar turai suka nuna.
A da, tekun Khabour ne yake samar da ruwa a Hasaka, amma sai ruwan tekun ya ja baya, wanda dole mutanen yankin suka koma neman ruwa daga tekun Alouk.
Amma a 2029, sai Turkiyya ta ƙwace iko da yankin Ras Al-Ain, inda tekun Alouk yake, inda ta ce za ta kafa “amintaccen yanki” domin kiyaye ƙasar daga abin da ta bayyana da hare-haren ƴan ta’adda.
Bayan shekara biyu, sai Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta nuna damuwa a kan yawan samun ƙarancin ruwa daga Alouk zuwa arewa maso gabashin Syria, inda ta ce aƙalla sau 19 ana samun katsewar ruwa.
Sannan a Fabrairun 2024, wani rahoto da wata cibiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai zaman kanta ta fitar, ya nuna cewa hare-haren Oktoban 2023 a kan cibiyoyin lantarki za su iya zama laifukan yaƙi domin sun hana fararen hula samun ruwan sha.
BBC ta bayyana wa wasu lauyoyin duniya wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ta gano.
“Hare-haren Turkiyya a cibiyoyin samar da makamashi yana matuƙar shafar fararen hula,” in ji Aarif Abraham, wani lauya a ofishin lauyoyi na Doughty Street Chambers, sannan ya ƙara da cewa,: “hare-haren za su iya zama yi wa dokokin duniya karan-tsaye.”
Patrick Kroker, wani babban lauya a cibiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan’adam ta European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, ya ce, “alamun karya dokokin duniya a bayyane suke a waɗannan hare-haren, don haka akwai buƙata a yi bincike, sannan a hukunta waɗanda suka yi laifi.”
Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta ce “tana matuƙar girmama dokokin duniya,” sannan ta ƙara da cewa rahoton Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2024 bai nuna “wata hujja mai ƙarfi” game da zargin da ake mata ba.
Sai ta ɗora laifin rashin ruwa a yankin kan sauyin yanayi da kuma “watsi da aka yi da cibiyoyin samar da ruwan”.
Mazauna Hasaka sun shaidawa BBC cewa an yi watsi da su.
Osman Gaddo, shugaban sashen gwajin ruwa a cibiyar ya ce, “mun yi sadaukarwa da dama – da yawanmu sun rasu a yaƙin. Amma ba a damu a kawo mana ɗauki ba. Ruwan sha kawai muke cewa a ba mu.”
Ƙarin rahoto daga Ahmed Nour da Erwan Rivault
