Fethullah Gulen, a U.S.-based cleric who died this week, built a powerful Islamic movement in Turkey and beyond but spent his later years mired in accusations of orchestrating an attempted coup against Turkish leader Tayyip Erdogan.
Mr. Gulen was a one-time ally of Mr. Erdogan but they fell out spectacularly, and Mr. Erdogan held him responsible for the 2016 attempted coup in which rogue soldiers commandeered warplanes, tanks, and helicopters. Some 250 people were killed in the bid to seize power.
Mr. Gulen, who had lived in self-imposed exile in the United States since 1999, denied involvement in the putsch but his movement was designated as a terrorist group by Turkey.
Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan confirmed his death, describing him as the leader of a “dark organization” and saying that Turkey’s fight against the group would continue.
“Our nation’s determination in the fight against terrorism will continue, and this news of his death will never lead us to complacency,” Mr. Fidan told a press conference.
According to its followers, Mr. Gulen’s movement – known as “Hizmet” which means “service” in Turkish – seeks to spread a moderate brand of Islam that promotes Western-style education, free markets, and interfaith communication.
Since the failed coup, his movement has been systematically dismantled in Turkey and its international influence has declined.
Known to his supporters as Hodjaefendi, or respected teacher, Mr. Gulen was born in a village in the eastern Turkish province of Erzurum in 1941. The son of an imam, or Islamic preacher, he studied the Koran from infancy.
In 1959, Mr. Gulen was appointed as a mosque imam in the northwestern city of Edirne and came to prominence as a preacher in the 1960s in the western province of Izmir, where he set up student dormitories and would go to tea houses to preach.
These student houses marked the start of an informal network that would spread in coming decades through education, business, media, and state institutions.
His influence also spread beyond Turkey’s borders to the Turkic republics of Central Asia, the Balkans, Africa, and the West through a network of schools.
Mr. Fidan said he hoped Mr. Gulen’s death would lift a “spell” over Turkish youth who had taken a path of “betrayal” against their country under the pretense of religious values. “This is not a good road,” he added.
Former Erdogan Ally
Mr. Gulen had been a close ally of Mr. Erdogan and his AK Party, but growing tensions in their relationship exploded in December 2013 when corruption investigations targeting ministers and officials close to Mr. Erdogan came to light.
Prosecutors and police from Mr. Gulen’s Hizmet movement were widely believed to be behind the investigations and an arrest warrant was issued for Mr. Gulen in 2014. His movement was designated as a terrorist group two years later.
Soon after the 2016 coup, Mr. Erdogan described Mr. Gulen’s network as traitors and “like a cancer,” vowing to root them out wherever they are. Hundreds of schools, companies, media outlets, and associations linked to him were shut down and assets seized.
Mr. Gulen condemned the coup attempt “in the strongest terms.”
“As someone who suffered under multiple military coups during the past five decades, it is especially insulting to be accused of having any link to such an attempt,” he said.
In a post-coup crackdown, which the government said targeted Mr. Gulen’s followers, at least 77,000 people were arrested and 150,000 state workers including teachers, judges, and soldiers suspended under emergency rule.
Companies and media outlets regarded as linked to Mr. Gulen were seized by the state or closed down. The government said its actions were justified by the gravity of the threat posed to the state by the coup.
Mr. Gulen was also reviled by Turkey’s opposition, which saw his network as having conspired over decades to undermine the secular foundations of the republic.
Ankara long sought to have him extradited from the United States.
Speaking in his gated compound in Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, Mr. Gulen said in a 2017 Reuters interview he had no plans to flee the United States to avoid extradition. Even then, he appeared frail, keeping his longtime doctor close at hand.
This story was reported by Reuters. Reporters Daren Butler, Tuvan Gumrukcu, and Ece Toksabay contributed to this report.
