The US-based cleric Fethullah Gülen, who built a powerful Islamic movement in Turkey and beyond but spent his later years mired in accusations of orchestrating an attempted coup against the Turkish leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has died. He was 83.
Herkul, a website that publishes Gülen’s sermons, posted on X that Gülen had died on Sunday evening in the US hospital where he was being treated.
Gülen was a one-time ally of Erdoğan but they fell out spectacularly, and Erdoğan held him responsible for the 2016 attempted coup in which rogue troops commandeered warplanes, tanks and helicopters. Two hundred and 50 people were killed in the attempt to seize power.
Gülen, who had lived in self-imposed exile in the US since 1999, denied involvement in the putsch.
According to its followers, Gülen’s movement – known as Hizmet, which means “service” in Turkish – seeks to spread a moderate brand of Islam that promotes western-style education, free markets and inter-faith communication.
Since the failed coup, his movement has been systematically dismantled in Turkey and its influence has declined internationally.
Known to his supporters as Hodjaefendi, or respected teacher, Gülen was born in a village in the eastern Turkish province of Erzurum in 1941. The son of an imam, or Islamic preacher, he studied the Qur’an from infancy.
In 1959, Gülen was appointed as a mosque imam in the north-western city of Edirne and came to prominence as a preacher in the 1960s in the western province of Izmir, where he set up student dormitories and would go to tea houses to preach.
These student houses marked the start of an informal network that would spread over the following decades through education, business, media and state institutions, giving his supporters extensive influence.
This influence also spread beyond Turkey’s borders to the Turkic republics of central Asia, the Balkans, Africa and the west through a network of schools.
Gülen had been a close ally of Erdoğan and his AK party, but growing tensions in their relationship exploded in December 2013 when corruption investigations targeting ministers and officials close to Erdoğan came to light.
Prosecutors and police from Gülen’s Hizmet movement were widely believed to be behind the investigations and an arrest warrant was issued for Gülen in 2014, with his movement designated as a terrorist group two years later.
Shortly after the 2016 coup, Erdoğan described Gülen’s network as traitors and “like a cancer“, vowing to root them out wherever they were. Hundreds of schools, companies, media outlets and associations linked to him were shut down and assets seized.
Gülen condemned the coup attempt “in the strongest terms”.
“As someone who suffered under multiple military coups during the past five decades, it is especially insulting to be accused of having any link to such an attempt,” he said in a statement.
In a crackdown after the failed putsch, which the government said targeted Gülen’s followers, at least 77,000 people were arrested and 150,000 state workers, including teachers, judges and soldiers, suspended under emergency rule.
Companies and media outlets believed to be linked to Gülen were seized by the state or closed down. The Turkish government said its actions were justified by the gravity of the threat posed to the state by the coup.
Gülen also became an isolated figure within Turkey, reviled by Erdoğan’s supporters and shunned by the opposition, which regarded his network as having conspired over decades to undermine the secular foundations of the republic.
Ankara long sought to have him extradited from the US.
Speaking in 2017 in his gated compound in Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, Gülen said in a Reuters interview he had no plans to flee the US to avoid extradition. Even then, he appeared frail, walking with a shuffle and keeping his doctor close at hand.
Gülen had travelled to the US for medical treatment but remained there as he faced a criminal investigation in Turkey.
